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summary
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SUMMARY: The point of a summary is to make a document, be it a story, an article, etc., smaller. It is the process of 'shortening', therefore omit all details that support the basic facts. Consider the steps below to be 'training wheels', some of which can be discarded with practice
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STEPS TO PRODUCE A SUMMARY
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Step 1: Read the question that relates to the excerpt to be summarized carefully. Step 2: Highlight keywords in the question in order to enable a better understanding of the question. Step 3: Rewrite the question, using your keywords, and write it in the vicinity of the passage to be summarized. Step 4: Read the passage carefully with only the question in mind. Step 5: Underline ONLY the answers to your question. Step 6: Jot these points down in point form. Step 7: Rewrite the points [in the same point form], in your own words, while still maintaining the original meaning. Step 8: Count the words to identify if the word limit is being observed. Step 9: Based on the word, either start deleting and rewording or move on to step 10. Step 10: Transform your points into a single paragraph by using conjunctions to link the ideas. Step 11: Do a final word count in order to ensure that you are compliant with the word limit. |
STEP 2
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Not exceeding 120 words, summarize the following excerpt:
Tattoos and piercings are becoming more accepted as a form of art and expression. They are a big part of the cultural landscape in cosmopolitan cities like Los Angeles. To give you an idea of their rise in popularity here are a few figures. Thirty years ago, 1 in 100 people in this country had tattoos. Now 1 in 10 Americans have them, and one-third of those aged 25 to 30 have tattoos. While society is becoming more liberated and expressive, and piercings and tattoos become part of mainstream culture, some employers are still having a hard time wrapping their heads around body art in the workplace. If your company tells you that you can’t wear piercings or reveal your tattoos at work, they aren’t doing anything illegal. Don’t look to the legal system to protect workers who have body art. The law covers discrimination on the grounds of race, color, religion, age, nationality, origin and gender. The one exception may be if you’re a Hindu with a nose ring, which could be a religious observation. But there are limits. Your company can’t use tats or piercings as an excuse to fire you. A company can, on the flipside, use it as an excuse not to hire you. I’ll cover more reasons for this later. Many companies have policies that prohibit tats and piercings that are generally outlined in their handbook and/or employee manual. If the policy is new, it may be given out in memo form (or they may revise the current employee handbook). An employer may change a dress code at any time, with or without warning. To cover their derrières legally, the employer will generally give the new guidelines in written form. If an employer does change the dress code, it must be applicable to all employees. 'Tattoos and Piercings in the Workplace: Common Sense Advice for Workers with Body Art' by Erika Icon. (http://www.workingworld.com/articles/tattoos-and-piercings-in-the-workplace)
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Step 2: Underline the topic sentence in each paragraph.
Tattoos and piercings are becoming more accepted as a form of art and expression. They are a big part of the cultural landscape in cosmopolitan cities like Los Angeles. To give you an idea of their rise in popularity here are a few figures. Thirty years ago, 1 in 100 people in this country had tattoos. Now 1 in 10 Americans have them, and one-third of those aged 25 to 30 have tattoos. While society is becoming more liberated and expressive, and piercings and tattoos become part of mainstream culture, some employers are still having a hard time wrapping their heads around body art in the workplace. If your company tells you that you can’t wear piercings or reveal your tattoos at work, they aren’t doing anything illegal. Don’t look to the legal system to protect workers who have body art. The law covers discrimination on the grounds of race, color, religion, age, nationality, origin, and gender. The one exception may be if you’re a Hindu with a nose ring, which could be a religious observation. But there are limits. Your company can’t use tats or piercings as an excuse to fire you. A company can, on the flipside, use it as an excuse not to hire you. I’ll cover more reasons for this later. Many companies have policies that prohibit tats and piercings that are generally outlined in their handbook and/or employee manual. If the policy is new, it may be given out in memo form (or they may revise the current employee handbook). An employer may change a dress code at any time, with or without warning. To cover their derrières legally, the employer will generally give the new guidelines in written form. If an employer does change the dress code, it must be applicable to all employees. |
STEPS 3 & 4
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Step 3: Jot these points down in point form.
(1) While society is becoming more liberated and expressive, and piercings and tattoos become part of mainstream culture, some employers are still having a hard time wrapping their heads around body art in the workplace. (2) Don’t look to the legal system to protect workers who have body art. (3) The one exception may be if you’re a Hindu with a nose ring, which could be a religious observation. (4) Your company can’t use tats or piercings as an excuse to fire you. A company can, on the flipside, use it as an excuse not to hire you. (5) Many companies have policies that prohibit tats and piercings that are generally outlined in their handbook and/or employee manual. |
Step 4: Reword the topic sentences, while maintaining the original meaning, in point form.
(1) Despite the fact that society is becoming more open-minded, some employers are not accepting of body art. (2) The legal system will not protect workers with body art. (3) The only exceptions are people who have body art as a part of their religious observances. (4) Tattoos can be used as an excuse to not hire you, but they cannot be used to fire you. (5) Many companies have handbooks and/ or employee manuals that outline their prohibitive policies on tattoos in the workplace. |
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STEP 9
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TIPS
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Step 9: Rewrite the final draft.
Despite the fact that society is becoming more open-minded, some employers are not accepting of body art. The legal system has a similar stance because it will not protect workers with body art. The only exceptions are people who have body art as a part of their religious observances. Unfortunately, tattoos can be used as an excuse to not hire you, but they cannot be used to fire you. Workers can be informed on their workplace's stance on body art, however, because many companies have handbooks and/ or employee manuals that outline their prohibitive policies of tattoos in the workplace. |
1. Do NOT exceed the word limit.
2. Ensure that your final product is saying the same thing as the original, the difference being that it is in your own words. 3. Omit ALL details. 4. Write one, or two paragraphs ONLY. Do NOT exceed two paragraphs. 5. Ensure that you are NOT very far below the word limit. If this is the case, then it is probable that you have omitted a point. A safe number is 10 words below the word limit. |
Contributor: Leisa Samuels-Thomas
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